Thus, previous studies from us and others have demonstrated that inflammatory regulating factors such as IRF1 (12), IRF4 (13), IRF7 (14), TRAF1 (15), protein kinase R (PKR), and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), contribute to pressure overload-induced HF development and/or HF progression (16, 17). The gene discussed is IRF4; the disease is hydrops fetalis.