In addition, FILIP1L regulates the degradation of PFDN1 (18), a molecular chaperone which activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling-mediated EMT, thereby facilitating cell migration, invasion, and metastasis in cancer cells (21); overexpression of PFDN1 is associated with poor prognosis in colon cancer and non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; refs. 22, 23). This evidence concerns the gene FILIP1L and non-small cell lung carcinoma.