TNF and cancer: However, CARD9 is predominantly expressed in immunoreactive cells especially macrophages and dendritic cells, and is critically involved in the productions of a wide range of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL8), which are primarily associated with local and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and the development and progression of a variety of diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancers (57–59).