Second, using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set, we found that survival of newly diagnosed GBM patients worsened when the tumor exhibited high expression of ACTA2, one of the most expressed CAF markers by our cultured cells (Supplemental Figure 2), combined with high expression of any of 5 other CAF markers (FAP, PDPN, DES, THY1, or S100A4) (P = 0.0007–0.02; Supplemental Figure 48). Here, PDPN is linked to neoplasm.