The clinical impact of this level of M2 TAM enrichment is difficult to definitively determine, but combined with the angiogenesis changes we described, suggests that CAFs alter the GBM microenvironment through multiple mechanisms that combine with the direct effects we identified of CAFs on GSCs to create the robust effects of CAFs on GBM neurosphere–derived xenograft growth we identified in vivo. Here, TBX1 is linked to glioblastoma.