Beyond HMGB1, histones are another group of basic nucleoproteins mainly derived from neutrophil extracellular traps that contribute to a dysregulated inflammatory response, activation of the coagulation system and organ dysfunction in sepsis [12], liver failure [13, 26], trauma [16, 46], SAP [14, 47], acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [48, 49] and COVID-19 [18]. Here, HMGB1 is linked to liver failure.