NFKB1 and infection: HMGB1 signals through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the receptor for advanced glycation end products, the NF-κB-inflammasome and/or the CXCL-12-CXCR4-NF-κB-inflammasome axis and induces inflammation and organ damage even in the absence of infection [11, 40, 41].