PDGFRA and glioblastoma: More recently, Koga et al. and our group developed IPSC or human NSC-derived models that histologically and transcriptionally mimics human GBM, by introducing more clinically relevant mutational combinations (TP53/PDGFRA, PTEN/NF1, TP53/PTEN/NF1, TP53/NF1, and TP53/PTEN) (Koga et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2021). These human stem cell-derived GBM models are generally useful for mechanism studies and drug screening.