VEGFA and hematoma: Activation of fibroblasts in human CSDH outer membranes and activation of STAT352 in CSDH endothelial cells, along with the overexpression of implicated placental growth factor (PlGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are antagonised by a high-affinity soluble receptor, namely soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) which result in significantly higher concentrations in hematoma fluid than in serum53.