Several studies have shown that ubiquitination plays a crucial role in the regulation of both the activation and the attenuation of innate immune responses to viral infection23, but so far the DUB activity in the context of infection has been examined for only a few viruses, mainly those encoding DUBs that belong to the ovarian tumor domain-containing family (OTUs), including equine arteritis virus (EAV)56,57 and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV)58. This evidence concerns the gene ZUP1 and infection.