SMPD1 and infection: Although, the role of ASM or ceramide in the CLIC pathway is unclear, considering the fact that ASM mediates trafficking of palmitoylated proteins to the plasma membrane (influencing lipid raft formation)66 and ceramide production leads to plasma membrane repair via endocytosis28, both ASM and ASM-generated ceramide seem to be essential for GII.4 entry and infection.