Though between 11% and 32% of patients of African ancestry demonstrate high-risk APOL1 genotypes (47), the lifetime risk of developing chronic kidney disease for these carriers is approximately 20%, and recent GWAS studies show that APOL1-environment interactions may be more relevant to the development of APOL1-associated nephropathy than are APOL1 interactions with other SNPs (48). The gene discussed is APOL1; the disease is chronic kidney disease.