Histopathologically, there is parallel evidence of changes in the hypothalamus and hypophysis: toxic protein aggregations of pTDP-43 and dipeptide repeats in C9orf72-related ALS and ALS with frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD) have been found in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis [37, 38]. Here, C9orf72 is linked to frontotemporal dementia.