EIF2AK3 and viral infectious disease: During virus infection, the accumulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) replicative intermediates in the cytosol and viral proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates ISR through dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) phosphorylation causing translation repression [1,12,13,14,15,16,17,18].