Results also showed that BV caused a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in BV groups compared to the control group, as well as a gradual and significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), antioxidative enzymes like glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), serum IgG, IgM, and Ig [85]. Here, HPGDS is linked to bacterial vaginosis.