I further grouped these proinflammatory soluble factors based on their appearance in HIV-1-infected individuals: group I factors, including IL4 and IL12, were present in pretreatment HIV-1-infected individuals and throughout the whole infection process (Figure 2a); group II factors, including CXCR5, IFNG, IFNB, IL10, and TGFB, were present in HIV-1-infected individuals subjected to ART irrespective of the period (Figure 2a); and group III factors, including CXCL4, IFNA, IL1, IL2, IL6, IL7, IL15, IL18, and TNF, appeared only after a long period of ART (Figure 2a). Here, TNF is linked to infection.