This pro-inflammatory cytokine profile was linked to the activation of biological pathways including pathogen-induced cytokine storm signaling, macrophage activation, the role of hyper-cytokinemia/chemokinemia and of inhibitory MAPK in influenza pathogenesis, the role of pattern recognition receptors of bacteria and viruses, IL-17 and HMGB1 signaling, and wound healing (Figure S5). The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is influenza.