Other studies in flies have recently shown that the toxic effect of amyloid beta, a peptide strongly implicated in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease, causes dLdh upregulation in part due to an Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4) dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling unfolded protein response [44]. This evidence concerns the gene DLD and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.