It has been reported that upregulation of interleukin 1 beta and TNF-α, two proinflammatory cytokines, occurs in the substantia nigra of PD patients and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice (Chung et al. 2010; Lofrumento et al. 2011). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is Parkinson disease.