Like sitagliptin, linagliptin treatment mitigates the cognitive deficits that attributed to the improvement of incretin levels and attenuate Aβ, p-Tau and neuroinflammation in the brain mice of 3 × Tg-AD and Aβ1–42 induced rat model of AD (Kosaraju et al., 2017; Siddiqui et al., 2021). Here, GCG is linked to Alzheimer disease.