TGFB1 and cancer: Although many cells within the TME produce cytokines, TAMs are considered as major source of tumor-promoting NF-κB-regulated cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-23, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-β, that can activate oncogenic pathways like STAT3 in cancer cells but also participate in the establishment of a pro-tumoral microenvironment.