CCL2 and lobular neoplasia: In addition, non-conventional biomarkers, like monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (29, 30), kidney injury molecule–1 (KIM-1) (30), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (31), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) (32), and microRNAs (33) have been described in the diagnosis and disease activity monitoring of LN, while the specificity and sensitivity are typically difficult to meet clinical practice standards.