Based on the cutoff antibody levels, defined as two SDs above the average levels in HDs, the s-CSF2-Ab positivity rates were 4.8, 22.1, 28.1, and 22%, and the s-CSF2pep-Ab positivity rates were 1.2, 18.6, 21.9, and 14.6% in HDs and patients with CKD types 1, 2, and 3, respectively (Table 3). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and chronic kidney disease.