The Mann–Whitney U test was employed to compare the s-CSF2-Ab levels between males and females; obese or not (body mass index, < or ≥ 25 kg/m2); those with (+) or without (−) another disease including DM, hypertension, CVD, and dyslipidemia; and those with or without smoking and alcohol intake habits. Here, CSF2 is linked to metabolic syndrome.