IL4 and tuberculosis: Impaired Th1-related cytokine production (Lee et al., 2002; Fortes et al., 2005; Geffner et al., 2009), such as IFN-γ, and increased Th2-related cytokines (Geffner et al., 2009), such as IL-4, were observed early in blood samples collected from MDR- and drug susceptible TB (DS-TB) patients, which emphasizes the alteration of Th1/Th2 profile characteristics in the disease progression.