TNF and chronic kidney disease: According to the previous studies, DN was accompanied by the increased amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1βand IL-6 (Lim and Tesch, 2012).It has reported that HIF-PHIs can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease (Mima, 2021).