VEGFA and prostate cancer: MSC can downregulate VEGF expression and reduce angiogenesis, thereby inhibiting the progression of breast cancer or prostate cancer (Lee et al., 2013; Alcayaga-Miranda et al., 2016), and extracellular vesicles from MSC have been reported to activate negative regulators of the cell cycle, leading to apoptosis or necrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer, and Kaposi’s sarcoma (Bruno et al., 2013).