TP53 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: In contrast, considering the importance of the TP53 aberrations in cancer progression, the results of some studies have not observed this finding; for example, there was no TP53 mutation in patients with HPV-positive EAC in the study of Costa et al. Almost half of HPV-negative patients with EAC tended to display TP53 mutations., and have reported that HPV infection and p53 and p16 expression are probably not prognostic factors in ESCC [77].