LDLR expressing tumour cells were consistently observed to localize within perivascular areas, consistent with seminal studies by Calabrese et al., in 2007, across a host of primary brain tumours, notably glioblastoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and oligodendroglioma, where cancer stem cells (CSCs) were shown to associate in close proximity to tumour capillaries creating vascular niches. This evidence concerns the gene LDLR and glioblastoma.