In sepsis and related diseases, such as severe COVID-19 and malaria, complement system activation is associated with a life-threatening cytokine storm which is caused by an excessive immune response, leading to increased release of cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, CCL2, CXCL8, and CXCL10, among others [232,233,234]. Here, TNF is linked to malaria.