Regarding metabolic biomarkers, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, as well as increased markers of low-grade inflammation such as IL-6, TNF-α and CRP, together with decreased anti-inflammatory factors such as adiponectin, elevated levels of oestrogens and androgens (i.e., estrone, oestradiol and testosterone) and low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin have been associated with breast cancer risk [52]. Here, TNF is linked to hyperinsulinism.