In addition, it inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway associated with increased expression of TNF-a, MCP-1 and chemokine ligand-1 (CXCL-1), as well as reduced Smad7 expression in the kidneys of CKD rats, indicating that Tan IIA inhibited renal fibrosis and inflammation by altering the expression of the TGF-β-Smad and NF-κB pathways in the residual kidney. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and chronic kidney disease.