TNF and colitis: During the in vivo study with a DSS-induced C57BL/6J mice model of colitis, before the DSS administration, there was an increase in DAI, intestinal barrier dysfunction, abscesses, and crypt ulcers, higher levels of intestinal inflammation, apoptosis, and bacterial translocation and increased levels of TNF-a, IFN-y, NLRP3, caspase-1 and 11, GSDMD, Bax, and caspase-3.