Likewise, in some articles, the authors used some methods of inducing a permanent stroke as follows: 5 articles used photothrombosis, 3 articles used electrocauterization, 2 articles used the methods of CCA ligation and electrocauterization of MCA, 1 article used administration of endothelin-1, another article used ligaturation of CCA, and another article used permanent MCAo. The gene discussed is EDN1; the disease is Stroke.