IL1B and necrotizing enterocolitis: Infants with NEC displayed elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) and high cytokine expression levels with pro-inflammatory effects (e.g., Nuclear factor-κB; NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α; TNF-α, interferon; IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β) induced by LPS and produced by the cells of the adaptive immune system in response to colonization by pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus spp., and Clostridium spp).