In human breast and colorectal cancer cell lines with oncogenic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase subunit PIK3CA, lithium treatment reduced proliferation and reduced the GSK3β-target gene cyclin-D1, suggesting that GSK3β is an effector of oncogenic PIK3CA, suggesting lithium as a promising anti-neoplastic therapy against cancers harboring PIK3CA mutations [117]. This evidence concerns the gene PIK3CA and cancer.