TNF and malnutrition: In affected patients, multiple factors have been associated with sarcopenia: age, disease severity, disuse, functional performance, oxidative stress, hypoxia, malnutrition, a higher catabolic state, and glucocorticoid use and pro-inflammatory states such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β [3,15,16].