TNF and cancer: These are generated by innate or adaptive immune cells, immunocompetent cells, stromal cells, and some cancer cells to inhibit tumor growth, such as IL-2, IL-12, IFNs, or promote tumorigenesis, proliferation, and/or invasion, such as, IL-23, IL-17, TGF- β, IL-10, and some adipokines including leptin, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6.