TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: After a first controlled randomized trial published in 2007 that included CD patients who were treated by a combination of anti-TNFα and natalizumab (an anti-integrin approved for CD only in the United States) [97], there were no additional controlled trials on DTT in IBD until 2022 (Table 1): in adult patients with UC, a combination of guselkumab (anti-IL-23) and golimumab (anti-TNFα) for induction of remission was compared to golimumab or guselkumab alone, followed by maintenance with guselkumab in monotherapy.