INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In this study, we found that HFD feeding for 32 weeks significantly led to obesity, hypertension (p < 0.0001, Figure 1A,B,E,F), myocardial hypertrophy (p < 0.0001, Figure 1G) and the increases of plasma triglyceride and insulin levels (p < 0.0001, Figure 1C,D), which were effectively inhibited by exogenous ADM application for 4 weeks (p < 0.0001 for Figure 1A,B,E–G, p = 0.0065 for Figure 1D, p = 0.0201 for Figure 1D).