MMP9 and cancer: For an anti-cancer study, α-mangostin was efficient in inhibiting the growth of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and cervical cancer stem cells, with the former through the decreased expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, resulting in retarding 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced cancer cell metastasis [10], and the latter through the upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 for the elevation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities, leading to cell apoptosis [11].