At baseline, MDS patients have significantly higher levels of type 1 interferons (IFNs) [31] and, accordingly, gene expression of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) IFNα1, IFNα10, IFNβ1, CXCL10, ISG15, SAMD9L, and IFI27L2 were elevated in MDS in data obtained from 213 WHO-defined MDS patient specimens at time of diagnosis, as well as from 20 healthy donors from the National Taiwan University Hospital (Figure 4G, Supplemental Figure S11A; additionally, IFNα2, α4, α5, α8, α14, and α21 all significantly elevated). The gene discussed is ISG15; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.