TLR9 and myelodysplastic syndrome: Blocking TLR9 signaling with IRAKi, trapping excess ox-mtDNA with TLR9 chimera, blocking binding to TLR9 with ODN-F, or preventing lysosomal internalization significantly improved the colony-forming capacity of MDS BM-MNCs (Figure 5D), confirming the therapeutic potential of targeting the ox-mtDNA/TLR9 axis in MDS.