TNF and atherosclerosis: According to one of the recent studies on inflammatory atherosclerosis pathogenesis, isolated human monocytes, via trained immunity induced by the primary stimulation of ox-LDL during secondary stimulation with agonists of toll-like TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, showed an increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, interleukins -6, -8, and -18 and precisely the MCP-1 chemokine [69].