EA patients showed a similar extent of airway remodeling as NEA but had an increased expression of genes involved in the immune response and inflammation (e.g., KIR3DS1), reactive oxygen species generation (GYS2, ATPIF1), cell activation and proliferation (ANK3), cargo transporting (RAB4B, CPLX2), and tissue remodeling (FBLN1, SOX14, GSN), and a lower expression of genes involved in epithelial integrity (e.g., GJB1) and histone acetylation (SIN3A). This evidence concerns the gene ANK3 and Esophageal atresia.