Furthermore, HSV-1 oncolytic virus can cause immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells, which triggers the production of tumor-associated antigens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAPMs), cellular risk-associated molecular patterns signaling (e.g., heat shock proteins, high mobility group box protein 1, calreticulin, and adenosine 5′-triphosphate), and cytokines [e.g., chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), CXCL10 and stimulation of T cell recruitment of chemokines, type I interferons (IFN- I), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-12)] [25,26]. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.