In line with this, a study employing human biopsies and murine models of EoE demonstrated that inflammatory stimuli mediated by IL-13 and TNFα cytokines upregulated autophagy in esophageal epithelial cells, causing the accumulation of autophagic vesicles (AVs) with distinct cargo between EoE and control samples [208]. Here, TNF is linked to eosinophilic esophagitis.