NOD2 and Cowden disease: In their review, Fritz et al. demonstrated that genes related to autophagy, i.e., ATG16L1, immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM), leucin-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), intracellular bacterial sensing, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, i.e., X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and orosomucoid like-3 (ORMDL3) are important in the pathogenesis of CD.