On the other hand, increased β-OHB levels and sirtuin 7 (SIRT7) expression, decreased mitochondrial biogenesis, and increased cardiac fibrosis were detected in human AF heart tissues; these alterations have been known to promote cardiac inflammation, hypertrophy, and fibrosis, all known to enhance atrial arrhythmogenesis [61,62,63]. Here, SIRT7 is linked to atrial fibrillation.