HIF1A and pancreatic neoplasm: In terms of mechanisms, different metabolic regulators, such as lactic acid, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), c-Myc, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), p53, and peroxisome proliferator activated-receptors (PPARs), can prevent pancreatic cancer or improve its survival by regulating the metabolism of immune cells and pancreatic cancer cells [88].