SMAD3 and infection: To determine which signaling pathways influence the release of growth factors in murine BMSCs, we evaluated p-TGFβ receptor 1 (p-TGFβR1), p-Smad3, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and control actin protein levels in murine BMSCs treated with vehicle or JTE013 with or without 8 h Aa infection.