GIP and diabetes mellitus: Following this observation, two prospective studies of independent populations, Malmö Diet Cancer–Cardiovascular Cohort (MDC-CC) and Prevalence, Prediction, and Prevention of Diabetes in Botnia (PPP-Botnia), have demonstrated that high fasting levels of GIP, but not GLP-1, are associated with an increased risk for coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular and all-cause death [83].