HMGB1 activation of the TLR2/TLR4/NF-κB pathway has been proposed to contribute to the loss of pancreatic β-cells, with sodium butyrate inhibiting pancreatic HMGB1 and NF-κB p65 protein expression in the streptozotocin-induced T1DM model [119]. Here, HMGB1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.