AKR1A1 and gastric cancer: Some of them have been proposed in combination with pepsinogen to improve the accurate diagnosis of GC, e.g., sugar carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) [40], CEA, CA12-5, and CA19-9 [41]; metabolites such as hydroxylated sphingomyelins (SM(OH)) and acylcarnitine derivatives (C2, C16, and C18:1) [42]; alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity [43]; interleukin-6 (IL-6); human epididymal protein 4 (HE-4); adiponectin; ferritin and Krebs von den Lungen (KL-6) [44]; soluble T cell immunoglobulin; and mucin domain molecule 3 (sTim-3) [45].